Resumen: Antecedentes: la creatinina monohidratada ha sido ampliamente estudiada en el rendimiento deportivo. Desde hace poco, se han explorado otras moléculas que suponen resultados superiores, como el clorhidrato de creatina, que promete tener una mejor solubilidad y beneficios similares en el rendimiento deportivo y la composición corporal. Objetivo: presentar las diferencias entre creatinina monohidratada y clorhidrato de creatina en términos de solubilidad, rendimiento deportivo y composición corporal. Materiales y métodos: revisión de artículos científicos en humanos y animales, publicados entre el 2009 y el 2020. Resultados: en relación con la solubilidad y las propiedades químicas, el clorhidrato de creatina tiene mayor peso molecular, solubilidad, absorción y biodisponibilidad, y menor pH, efectos adversos y dosis para logar efectos ergogénicos que la creatina monohidrato. Respecto al rendimiento deportivo y composición corporal, ambas moléculas presentaron mejoras en el rendimiento y fuerza máxima. No todos los estudios mostraron disminución en la masa grasa para clorhidrato de creatina, la cual presentó menor retención intramuscular de agua. Conclusión: existe una tendencia a favor del clorhidrato de creatina respecto a la solubilidad y la composición corporal. No se encontró evidencia suficiente para concluir que sus efectos en el rendimiento deportivo, sobre todo en términos de fuerza, sean superiores a los del clorhidrato de creatina.

Abstract Background: Creatinine monohydrate has been extensively studied in sports performance. Other molecules that promise superior results have recently been explored, such as creatine hydrochloride, which promises to have better solubility and similar benefits in sports performance and body composition. Objective: To present the differences between creatinine monohydrate and creatine hydrochloride in terms of solubility, sports performance, and body composition. Materials and Methods: Review of scientific articles on humans and animals, published between 2009 and 2020. Results: In relation to solubility and chemical properties, creatine hydrochloride has higher molecular weight, solubility, absorption, and bioavailability; and lower pH, adverse effects, and dose to achieve ergogenic effects than creatine monohydrate. Regarding sports performance and body composition, both molecules presented improvements in performance and maximum strength. Not all studies showed a decrease in fat mass for creatine hydrochloride, which presented less intramuscular water retention. Conclusion: There is a trend in favor of creatine hydrochloride regarding solubility and body composition. Sufficient evidence was not found to conclude that its effects on sports performance, specifically in terms of strength, are superior to those of creatinine monohydrate.

Resumo A satisfação com a vida e a percepção de saúde dependem de avaliações cognitivas e subjetivas, portanto baseiam-se em um critério próprio sobre a vida e a maneira como enfrenta os problemas pessoais e de saúde. O objetivo deste estudo foi relacionar a capacidade funcional e cognição com a autoperceção sobre seu estado de saúde de octogenários. Foram avaliados 103 idosos de ambos os sexos, sendo 30 homens com média de 82,7(±2,98) e 73 mulheres com idade média de 82,6 (±2,97) anos. As avaliações foram realizadas pelos questionários: Short Physical Performance Battery (SPPB), Variáveis de saúde e psicossociais, o Mini Exame do Estado Mental (MEEM), capacidade funcional para AAVDs e AIVDs e o teste de força de preensão manual (FPM). Foram avaliados 103 idosos, sendo a maioria do sexo feminino (70,9%) com idade entre 80 e 94 anos. A autoperceção negativa se associou com a presença de sarcopenia, MEEM alterado, dependência nas atividades instrumentais de vida diária (AIVD) e escolaridade baixa. A autoperceção de saúde dos idosos longevos é multifatorial e está relacionada presença de alterações funcionais que levam a dependência, baixa escolaridade e alterações cognitivas.

Abstract Life satisfaction and health perception depend on cognitive and subjective assessments; therefore they are based on their own criteria of life itself and the way it faces personal and health problems. The study aim was to relate functional capacity, cognition, mood with self-perception about their health status of octogenarian elderly. A total of 103 elderly individuals of both genders were evaluated, with 30 men with average age of 82.7(±2.98) years and 73 women with average age of 82.6(±2.97) years. The evaluations were carried out by the questionnaires: Short Physical Performance Battery (SPPB), Health and psychosocial variables, Geriatric Depression Scale (GDS), Mini-Mental State Examination (MMSE), functional capacity for Advanced Activities of Daily Living (AADLs) and Instrumental Activities of Daily Living (IADLs), and handgrip strength test. A total of 103 elderly individuals were evaluated, the majority being female (70.9%) aged between 80 and 94 years. Negative self-perception was associated with the presence of Sarcopenia, altered MMSE, dependence on instrumental activities of daily living (IADLs) and low schooling. And there was no association with mood (GDS). The self-perception of health of the elderly individuals is multifactorial and is related to the presence of functional alterations that lead to dependence, low schooling and cognitive alterations.

ABSTRACT Geranoaetus polyosoma (Quoy & Gaimard, 1824) is a diurnal raptor widely distributed in South America. Although the trophic ecology of this bird has been more studied in the southern extreme of its range, little information is available on its dietary response to prey supply in desert environments. In the present study, we report on the trophic ecology of G. polyosoma in a sub-urban desert zone in northern Chile, with the following objectives: (1) to quantitatively describe its diet and (2) to determine its dietary selectivity in response to prey supply in the study area. The diet of G. polyosoma consisted mainly of rodents (97.2%). A greater preference (p < 0.05) was observed for the following large prey items (> 19.5 g): two native rodent species, Phyllotis xanthopygus (Waterhouse, 1837) and Eligmodontia puerulus (Philippi, 1896); and two introduced rodent species: Rattus rattus (Linnaeus, 1769) and R. norvegicus (Berkenhout, 1769).

ABSTRACT The modeling and prediction of time series is an arduous and essential task for financial optimization procedures. Numerous studies have been carried out to reduce investor uncertainty, by forecasting the price of currencies and shares. However, the emergence of a new type of coins with their own characteristics, known as cryptocurrencies, present additional challenges. In this sense, the paper seeks to understand up to what extent comments in social networks can capture the collective expectations of investors, and affect the future value of the currency. The objective is to predict the daily performance of a market based on two components: those that define the behavior of the cryptocurrency itself (volume, opening value, closing value, maximum value and minimum value) and the expectations and interactions of the environment, through the collected tweets. For this, the use of a type of recurrent neural network known as "Long Short Term Memory" (LSTM) is proposed. The methodology usedfor the preprocessing of the data and the application of this time series forecasting technique allows obtaining a prediction with a Mean Absolute Percent of 34.92%; This indicates that the representation of the perception variable in social networks has not been that relevant and, therefore, motivates new works for better representation using other NLP techniques.

RESUMEN El modelamiento y predicción de series temporales constituye una tarea ardua y esencial para los procedimientos de optimización financiera. Numerosos estudios han sido elaborados con la finalidad de reducir la incertidumbre del inversor, mediante el pronóstico de precio de monedas y acciones. Sin embargo, el surgimiento de un nuevo tipo de monedas con características propias, conocidas como cryptocurrencies, plantea retos adicionales. En este sentido, el paper plantea analizar en qué medida las publicaciones en las redes sociales pueden capturar las expectativas colectivas de los inversores, y afectar el valor futuro de la moneda. Nuestro objetivo es pronosticar el desempeño diario de un mercado en base a dos componentes: aquellos que definen el comportamiento de la criptomoneda en sí (volumen, valor de apertura, valor de cierre, valor máximo y valor mínimo) y las expectativas e interacciones del entorno, obtenidas de los tweets recolectados. Para ello, proponemos el uso de un tipo de red neuronal recurrente, conocida como "Long Short Term Memory" (LSTM). La metodología empleada para el preprocesamiento de los datos y la aplicación de esta técnica de pronóstico de series temporales nos permite obtener una predicción con un Error Porcentual Absoluto Medio de 34.92%; lo que indica que la representación de la variable de percepción en redes social no ha sido la pertinente y, por lo tanto, motiva nuevos trabajos con la finalidad de modelar esta variable mediante el uso de otras técnicas de NLP.

Resumo O aumento da expectativa de vida e a promessa de longevidade culminam na reflexão acerca da importância da espiritualidade no envelhecimento. Neste artigo, objetivou-se verificar e analisar a concepção do idoso sobre espiritualidade e como esta interfere em sua qualidade de vida. Estudo descritivo, exploratório, quanti-qualitativo, amostra composta de 12 participantes acima de 60 anos. Foram utilizados: entrevista semiestruturada, questionários sociodemográficos e WHOQOL (Bref, SRPB e domínio VI). Na análise, optou-se pelo programa estatístico SPSS 21.0 e pela Análise de Conteúdo. A pontuação média nos Domínios Psicológico e Relações Sociais mostrou-se mais elevada, o WHOQOL-SRPB revelou médias altas em todas as facetas e associação positiva com Domínios Bref. Na análise de conteúdo, há relação entre Qualidade de Vida e Espiritualidade; esta é concebida como Apoio, Relação com o Sagrado e Transcendência, e se distingue da Religião, definida pela Afiliação religiosa, Cultural e Dogmas. A relação entre Espiritualidade e Velhice se dá pela capacidade de suportar limitações, dificuldades e perdas inerentes ao processo; assim, observou-se a heterogeneidade da vivência espiritual, tendo todos em comum o reconhecimento de sua importância e sua relevância para se viver a velhice com Qualidade de Vida.

Abstract Increased life expectancy and the prospect of longevity lead to reflection on the importance of spirituality while aging. This article aims to investigate and analyze the concepts that older people have of spirituality and how this concept affects their quality of life. It is a descriptive, exploratory, quantitative-qualitative study, with a sample of 12 participants over the age of 60. The following tools were used: semi-structured interviews, social-demographic questionnaires and WHOQOL (Bref, SRPB and Domain VI). The statistical program SPSS 21.0, and Content Analysis, were used in the analysis. The average score on the Psychological Health and Social Relationship domains was high, and the WHOQOL-SRPB showed high averages in all facets, and positive association with the Bref domains. Content analysis showed a relationship between Quality of Life and Spirituality. The latter is conceptualized as: Support, Relationship with the Sacred, and Transcendence; and is distinguished from Religion, which is defined by Religious Affiliation, Cultural Affiliation, and Dogmas. The relationship between spirituality and old age takes place through the capacity to bear the limitations, difficulties and losses inherent to the process; thus, the nature of living a spiritual life was observed to be heterogeneous, while all had in common the recognition of its importance and its significance for living an old age with Quality of Life.

Resumo O aumento da expectativa de vida e a promessa de longevidade culminam na reflexão acerca da importância da espiritualidade no envelhecimento. Neste artigo, objetivou-se verificar e analisar a concepção do idoso sobre espiritualidade e como esta interfere em sua qualidade de vida. Estudo descritivo, exploratório, quanti-qualitativo, amostra composta de 12 participantes acima de 60 anos. Foram utilizados: entrevista semiestruturada, questionários sociodemográficos e WHOQOL (Bref, SRPB e domínio VI). Na análise, optou-se pelo programa estatístico SPSS 21.0 e pela Análise de Conteúdo. A pontuação média nos Domínios Psicológico e Relações Sociais mostrou-se mais elevada, o WHOQOL-SRPB revelou médias altas em todas as facetas e associação positiva com Domínios Bref. Na análise de conteúdo, há relação entre Qualidade de Vida e Espiritualidade; esta é concebida como Apoio, Relação com o Sagrado e Transcendência, e se distingue da Religião, definida pela Afiliação religiosa, Cultural e Dogmas. A relação entre Espiritualidade e Velhice se dá pela capacidade de suportar limitações, dificuldades e perdas inerentes ao processo; assim, observou-se a heterogeneidade da vivência espiritual, tendo todos em comum o reconhecimento de sua importância e sua relevância para se viver a velhice com Qualidade de Vida.

Abstract Increased life expectancy and the prospect of longevity lead to reflection on the importance of spirituality while aging. This article aims to investigate and analyze the concepts that older people have of spirituality and how this concept affects their quality of life. It is a descriptive, exploratory, quantitative-qualitative study, with a sample of 12 participants over the age of 60. The following tools were used: semi-structured interviews, social-demographic questionnaires and WHOQOL (Bref, SRPB and Domain VI). The statistical program SPSS 21.0, and Content Analysis, were used in the analysis. The average score on the Psychological Health and Social Relationship domains was high, and the WHOQOL-SRPB showed high averages in all facets, and positive association with the Bref domains. Content analysis showed a relationship between Quality of Life and Spirituality. The latter is conceptualized as: Support, Relationship with the Sacred, and Transcendence; and is distinguished from Religion, which is defined by Religious Affiliation, Cultural Affiliation, and Dogmas. The relationship between spirituality and old age takes place through the capacity to bear the limitations, difficulties and losses inherent to the process; thus, the nature of living a spiritual life was observed to be heterogeneous, while all had in common the recognition of its importance and its significance for living an old age with Quality of Life.

The National Reserve Lago Peñuelas belongs to the National System of Protected Wild Areas, located in the Region of Valparaiso, Chile. This unit, together with the National Park La Campana, constitutes a Biosphere Reserve. The flora and vegetation of the National Reserve was studied. The study registered 163 species of vascular plants, of which 48 are new records. Considering the studies and previous reports made in situ, the floristic richness reaches 337 species, of which 72% are native; eight of them are pteridophytes, two are gimnospermae, 229 are dicotyledoneae and 98 are monocotyledoneae. This represents a high floristic diversity. Nevertheless, the high proportion of aloctonous plants indicates a relative high degree of anthropic disturbance. Fourteen species have conservation problems (two of them are threatened, eleven are vulnerable and one is data deficient). The total phytosociology of the place reports the presence of 20 plant communities, ten of which are herbaceous, seven scrub and three tree communities; of these, 12 have already been described in previous works, adding the present study eight new associations for the place. It is proposed to keep as restricted areas the sector of Los Lirios, which contains most of the threatened species, and the sector of Vega del Alamo, because of its valuable condition as a relict of the hygrophilous forest present.

La Reserva Nacional Lago Peñuelas es una unidad del Sistema Nacional de Áreas Silvestres Protegidas del Estado ubicada en la Región de Valparaíso, Chile. Esta unidad, junto al Parque Nacional La Campana, constituye una Reserva de la Biósfera. Se estudió la flora y vegetación de esta Reserva Nacional. El estudio registró 163 especies de plantas vasculares, de las cuales 48 son nuevos registros a la documentación previa. Al considerar los estudios y reportes realizados en el lugar, la riqueza florística alcanza a 337 especies, de las cuales 72% es de origen nativo, distribuidas en ocho pteridófitos, dos gimnospermas, 229 dicotiledóneas y 98 monocotiledóneas, lo que representa una alta riqueza florística. Sin embargo, la mayor proporción de plantas alóctonas indica también un fuerte grado de perturbación antrópica. Catorce especies presentan problemas de conservación (dos en peligro de extinción, 11 vulnerables y una insuficientemente conocida). La fitosociología total del lugar reporta la presencia de 20 comunidades vegetales, de las cuales 10 son herbáceas, siete de matorral y tres arbóreas; de éstas, 12 ya habían sido descritas en trabajos anteriores, agregando el presente estudio ocho asociaciones nuevas para el lugar. Se propone mantener como áreas restringidas de esta reserva, el sector Los Lirios, que contiene la mayor parte de las especies amenazadas, y el sector Vega del Álamo por la valiosa condición de relicto del bosque higrófilo allí presente.

The risk of infection with Hantavirus depends on factors that determine a probability of contagion with the reservoirs: (a) the vegetation structure and the land use as a primary scene, where specific factors such as composition, structure and density of the vegetation describe elements related to the habitat of the reservoirs, (b) The existence of populations of reservoir rodents, (c) Human establishments, such as availability and density of roads, inhabited areas or human presence (e.g., houses, warehouses). These three factors, brought together, provide the necessary facts to establish the risk. It is important to consider that these factors have a dynamics of seasonal change during the year and natural and man-made environmental modifications. In this way, we seek to understand the risk to which humans beings are submitted in the rural space. The spatial models correspond to representations of the reality observed in a certain area and determined to diverse geographical, topographic, biological, climatic factors, etc. The aim of this study was to establish potential sectors of risk to Hantavirus in a national park of the Region IX of Chile using thematic maps of environmental variables in a Geographical Information System to analyze aereal photograhs by means of photo interpretation, transference, digitalization and graphical-alphanumerical database managing. The vector layer was rasterized using a pixel size of 50 m. The map of risk was constructed using an additive model of layers through the Model Builder 1.0 software, an extension of Arc View 3.2. The base of the procedure was the arithmetic overlay process what overlaps the layers adding the numeric terms of each variable using the same ponderation for every layer (e.g., land use, habitat for the reservoir, seropositivity of the reservoir, human cases and instalations). We present a risk map, for this highly visited park, which signal as the most important risk areas, the areas where all of the turistic infrastructure is installed

El riesgo de infección con Hantavirus depende de factores, que determinan una probabilidad de contagio con los reservorios, tales como: (a) la estructura vegetacional y el uso del suelo como un escenario primario, donde los factores específicos de composición, estructura y densidad de la vegetación detallan elementos relacionados con el habitat de los reservorios. (b) La existencia de poblaciones de roedores reservorio. (c) Establecimientos humanos, como disponibilidad y densidad de caminos, áreas habitadas o de presencia humana (e.g., casas, bodegas). Estos tres factores, habitat (probabilidad de ocurrencia del reservorio), roedores seropositivos (peligro de contagio) y humanos (población expuesta), conjugados, proporcionan los elementos de juicio necesarios para establecer el riesgo. Es importante considerar que estos factores tienen una dinámica de cambio estacional durante el año y modificaciones ambientales naturales y antrópicas. Así, buscamos comprender el riesgo a que está sometido el ser humano en el espacio rural. Los modelos espaciales corresponden a representaciones de la realidad observada en un área determinada y condicionada a diversos factores geográficos, topográficos, biológicos, climáticos, etc. El objetivo de este estudio fue establecer sectores potenciales de riesgo al hantavirus en un parque nacional de la IX Región de Chile empleando cartas temáticas de variables ambientales en un Sistema de Información Geográfica para analizar fotografías aéreas mediante fotointerpretación, transferencia, digitalización y manejo de base de datos gráfica y alfanumérica, validada en terreno. La capa vectorial fue "rasterizada" con un tamaño de pixel de 50 m. El mapa de riesgo se construyó utilizando un modelo aditivo de capas mediante el uso del software Model Builder 1.0, extensión de Arc View 3.2. La base del procedimiento fue el proceso de "overlay" aritmético, que sobrepone las capas adicionando los términos de valor de cada variable utilizando la misma de ponderación en cada una de ellas (e.g., uso del suelo, habitat del reservorio, seropositividad del reservorio, casos y asentamientos humanos). Presentamos un mapa de riesgo que señala como principales áreas de riesgo, precisamente donde se emplaza la infraestructura turística principal de este visitado parque